In vitro studies involve conducting experiments or tests outside of a living organism, usually in a laboratory setting. These studies typically involve using isolated cells, tissues, or organs to investigate biological processes, drug interactions, or disease mechanisms. In vitro studies are essential for understanding basic biological processes and mechanisms, as well as for testing the efficacy and safety of potential treatments or drugs before moving on to in vivo studies in animal models or clinical trials in humans. These studies allow researchers to control variables, observe specific biological processes in controlled conditions, and gather valuable data that can inform further research and development in various fields of science and medicine.